肿瘤免疫学与免疫治疗的新进展
This animation created by Nature Reviews Cancer and Nature Reviews Immunology illustrates how tumour cells are sensed and destroyed by cells of the immune system and how tumours can evolve to evade immune-mediated elimination. Scientists are developing new immunotherapies that help the immune system to ‘fight back’ — the animation explains how these exciting new drugs work.
用免疫系统解释我们的细菌感染
你生命中的每一秒都受到攻击。细菌、病毒、孢子和任何活的东西都想要进入你的身体，取得资源为它们繁殖。免疫系统是一群像军队一样强大的细胞，如霸王龙般迅猛，去牺牲自己为你的生存。没有它们，你无法活到下一秒。这听起来简单，但现实是复杂的，美丽的，令人敬畏的。这是讲述免疫系统的动画。
HIV：免疫工程的大挑战 - David Baltimore P3
本视频由科普中国和生物医学大讲堂出品
David Baltimore (Caltech) Part 3: HIV: The Grand Challenge - Engineering Immunity
Lecture Overview:
In this set of lectures, I describe the threat facing the world from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and a bold proposal on how we might meet the challenge of eliminating this disease by engineering the immune system.
In part 1, I provide a broad introduction to viruses, describing their basic properties and my own history of studying the replication of RNA viruses which led to the discovery of reverse transcriptase. I also illustrate the distinguishing features of equilibrium viruses (e.g. the common cold) that have adapted to co-exist with their host and non-equilibrium viruses (e.g. HIV) that have recently jumped from another species, are not adapted to the new host, and which can lead to disastrous outcomes (e.g. loss of immune function with potential lethality in the case of HIV).
In part 2, I describe the growing health problem that is facing the world with the spread of HIV and the limitations of current drug therapies and vaccine strategies. We need new ideas for tackling this problem. Here and in the next segment, I describe bold strategies of using gene therapy to conquer HIV, The approach that I describe in this segment involves gene therapy to produce short hairpin RNAs (siRNA) that target the destruction of a critical co-receptor of HIV, which the viruses that needs to infect cells. I discuss initial proof-of-principle experiments that suggest this approach might be feasible and the next steps needed to develop this idea into a real therapy.
In this last segment, I describe another gene therapy strategy for HIV in which we propose to develop antibody-like proteins that can be expressed by a patient's B cells and will target the HIV virus for destruction. To achieve this objective, hematopoietic (blood) stem cells must to be targeted with the gene, which will ultimately develop into B cells that express the therapeutic molecule. The ultimate goal is to produce a life-long supply of anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies. In this lecture, I describe the molecular methods underlying this strategy and a development path from proof-of-principle studies in mouse to safe trials in humans. This project receives funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Speaker Bio:
After serving as President of the California Institute of Technology for nine years, in 2006 David Baltimore was appointed President Emeritus and the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology. Born in New York City, he received his B.A. in Chemistry from Swarthmore College in 1960 and a Ph.D. in 1964 from Rockefeller University, where he returned to serve as President from 1990-91 and faculty member until 1994.
For almost 30 years, Baltimore was a faculty member at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While his early work was on poliovirus, in 1970 he identified the enzyme reverse transcriptase in tumor virus particles, thus providing strong evidence for a process of RNA to DNA conversion, the existence of which had been hypothesized some years earlier. Baltimore and Howard Temin (with Renato Dulbecco, for related research) shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery, which provided the key to understanding the life-cycle of HIV. In the following years, he has contributed widely to the understanding of cancer, AIDS and the molecular basis of the immune response. His present research focuses on control of inflammatory and immune responses as well as on the use of gene therapy methods to treat HIV and cancer in a program called "Engineering Immunity".
Baltimore played an important role in creating a consensus on national science policy regarding recombinant DNA research. He served as founding director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research at MIT from 1982 until 1990. He co-chaired the 1986 National Academy of Sciences committee on a National Strategy for AIDS and was appointed in 1996 to head the National Institutes of Health AIDS Vaccine Research Committee.
In addition to receiving the Nobel Prize, Baltimore's numerous honors include the 1999 National Medal of Science, election to the National Academy of Sciences in 1974, the Royal Society of London, and the French Academy of Sciences. For 2007/8, he is President of the AAAS. He has published more than 600 peer-reviewed articles.
免疫反应的细胞基础 - Ira Mellman P1
本视频由科普中国和生物医学大讲堂出品
Ira Mellman (Genentech) Part 1: Cellular Basis of the Immune Response
The immune system is charged with protecting us from invading microorganisms, a task that falls to a complex array of highly specialized cell types spread throughout the body but that must work together as an integrated system. How they accomplish and perform their functions can be wonderfully understood by probing the basic mechanisms governing their activities. In the first video, we will consider the overall organization of the immune response in cellular terms, the innate immune system (comprising evolutionarily ancient phagocytic cells that recognize conserved molecules of microorganisms) and the adaptive immune system (composed of lymphocytes that recognize chemically diverse antigens).
蛋白免疫印迹杂交
蛋白免疫印迹杂交用来鉴定电泳分离的样品中是否存在某特定蛋白。样品通过聚丙酰胺凝胶电泳，也称SDS-PAGE得到分离后，再通过凝胶转移将蛋白质从聚丙酰胺凝胶转移到一张膜上，这样可将蛋白质固定在其特定的分离位置。接下来，用抗体对膜进行杂交，这一过程称之为免疫杂交。免疫杂交是通过抗体与目标蛋白、以及抗体与抗体之间特定识别位点的结合来实现，它的高特异性使得可以鉴定单一蛋白。对抗体的识别则用含酶的报告系统来完成。酶结合在抗体的末端，与底物起反应产生颜色或者光的变化。这些信号会被捕捉成像，并可用光密度计量学对其进行定量。
本视频文章将通过讲解凝胶转移，抗体识别和图像分析来全面介绍蛋白免疫印迹技术。将重点讨论凝胶转移步骤中的关于如何搭建转移三明治和凝胶转移条件、以及抗体结合与抗体识别的基本原理。我们还将举例说明该技术的广泛应用，包括检测蛋白质之间的相互作用和在蛋白复合物中鉴定单个蛋白。
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酶联免疫吸附测定法
酶联免疫吸附检测(ELISA)通常是检测实验样品中是否存在某目的蛋白，以及该目的蛋白的量。目的蛋白的识别归功于抗体，因此ELISA是一个免疫检测。这些抗体通常偶联了一种酶，经过一系列的孵育，洗脱步骤，它们将检测到包被在多孔板孔底部的蛋白。当底物存在时，偶联在抗体上的酶将造成颜色改变，这说明样品中存在目的蛋白。
本短片将讲解ELISA的工作原理，其中讨论了一抗与二抗结合，以及封闭步骤的重要性。在接下来的练习中，视频演示了其逐步操作过程。最后介绍了标准ELISA的几种变化形式，如三明治ELISA和竞争ELISA，以及该方法的实际应用，例如非处方的测孕试纸
果蝇幼虫的免疫组化
免疫组化(IHC)是一种用来观察组织中蛋白的存在和定位的技术。由于易于染色，果蝇幼虫特别适合用于免疫组化。此外，幼虫的身体透明也意味着不需要解剖就可以直接观察某些组织。
免疫组化里，目的蛋白最终是由特定结合该蛋白抗原位点的抗体检测得到。 为保护这些抗原位点，组织在染色前必须固定。另外，为了让抗体能穿过胞膜，细胞必须用去垢剂来通透。
本视频详细介绍了染色解剖的幼虫组织，包括固定，封闭 和染色步骤所需的试剂，工具和流程。同时也演示了荧光显微镜观察要用到的组织封片技术。最后举例说明了这些技术的广泛应用（以及基于这些技术的一些变化）。
Western Blot 第4阶段：免疫印迹法
Novus Biologicals Visual Protocols: In phase 4 of the western blot procedure, you will learn how to block the membrane, stain in with Ponceau red, and add the primary and secondary antibodies. Vigorous washing when indicated between these steps is essential for obtaining a clean blot. Additional help can be found in the support section of www.novusbio.com, through our live chat service, or by calling us directly to talk with our elite customer and technical service scientists.
荧光免疫细胞化学检测法（ICC）- 完整
In this video, you will learn how to coat coverships, prepare cell culture plats, plate cells for ICC, fix, permeabilize, block and add a primary antibody to your plated cells, add a secondary antibody, wash the plated cells, double label and mount your coverslips for analysis.