郭爱克院士简介

生物谷

Aike Guo, Ph.D.

Rm 310, ION Building
Institute of Neuroscience
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Shanghai 200031
P.R.China
Email: akguo@ ion.ac.cn
Phone: 86-21-5492 1785

郭爱克，毕业于前苏联莫斯科大学(1960-1965)生物物理学专业，
1979年获慕尼黑大学自然科学博士, 1988年任中国科学院生物物理研究所研究员，
1990年为神经生物学博士生导师，
1999年11月受聘于中科院神经科学研究所任高级研究员。
1991获中国科学院有突出贡献的中青年专家称号,
1993年获中国科学院自然科学二等奖《复眼光感受的生物物理学机制及视觉运动感知的神经计算原理》。
2003年当选中科院院士。

他曾主持国家基金委重大项目《神经网络理论模型及应用方法研究》， (1990.07-1993.06)，并先后主持两项国家自然科学基金委信息科学部重点项目《主动视觉及其计算神经科学基础》和《视觉信息的群体动态时空编码和选择性注意机制》。国家重点基础研究发展规划(973) <脑发育和可塑性的基础研究> (G2000077800)( 2000.4至2005.3) , 首席科学家。

学习记忆是人类基本的认知功能,是人类智力和创造性乃至个性的神经学基础。我们于1993年建立了我国第一个果蝇视觉学习记忆实验室,致力于从基因-脑-行为的结合上;从分子、细胞、回路、网络直到行为多层次研究果蝇的学习、记忆、注意和抉择机制。本实验室在果蝇的视觉学习/记忆/抉择的研究方面,处于国际领先水平.果蝇作为一种重要的模式生物在生物学研究中占有重要位置，它最大的优势在于基因组已研究清楚，而且易于遗传操作，有较丰富的行为,它作为研究遗传,发育,神经系统退行性疾病,学习记忆和类认知行为的模式生物得到了广泛重视.对果蝇的研究已经三度获得诺贝尔奖(1933,1946,1995).

我们实验室曾完成下面的研究:
1. 确立了果蝇在视觉模式和嗅觉信息之间的联想式操作条件化学习与记忆;
2. 确立了果蝇视觉联想记忆的短、中、长时程和抗麻醉记忆的四个不同的时间动力学阶段, 发现视觉长时程记忆的形成及巩固与蛋白质合成的关系;
3. 果蝇视觉注意的研究,证明了果蝇脑也有类似注意状态及该状态的涌现机制。新近的实验证明果蝇脑蘑菇体参与注意过程的反差增益调控;
4. 开创了果蝇的面对两难的抉择研究,通过设计“颜色/图形”双视觉线索的两难抉择范式,发现了果蝇在面对两难视觉线索时,具有基于先前的记忆和经历,权衡利弊趋利避害之抉择能力。为理解抉择脑过程的基因、细胞、回路机制、计算原则提供了更为简单的模式生物和新范式。
5. 果蝇类淀粉样前体蛋白(APPL)对神经元形态,兴奋性及学习/记忆功能的调控作用;
6. 果蝇脑内多巴胺系统与视觉注意关系的研究,发现长时程多巴胺剥夺会损害视觉注意.

当前正在进行的研究工作:
1. 发展果蝇面对两难抉择的新范式,从基因遗传操作,形态学,神经生物学,定量行为学等多层次多学科交叉的研究两难抉择的分子、细胞、回路,建立果蝇抉择的神经计算模型.相信果蝇在自然选择过程中所形成的问题求解策略,可能对认识脑-智力关系有提示作用.
2. 果蝇跨通道(视觉和嗅觉)记忆协同和记忆传递机制的研究：
人类的跨通道(视觉和嗅觉)的感知和注意已成为脑-认知研究的一个新热点.我们的研究发现果蝇的跨通道的协同记忆(视觉和嗅觉)(memory synergism),跨通道的外原注意(exogenous attention)和果蝇跨通道的记忆传递(memory transfer);其记忆信息协同和传递的时间窗口和脑过程正在探索中.
3. 果蝇的日节律基因对学习/记忆的调控;
4. 果蝇抗伤害感受的行为范式及神经机制研究;
5. 某些人类的重要的神经退行性疾病的果蝇模式动物研究,目前集中在PD疾病.

Prof. Aike Guo is the Associate Director of ION and a Senior Investigator and Head of the Laboratory of Learning and Memory. He also serves as the Principal Scientist for the ION Program Project "Brain Development and Plastisity" sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2000-2005). He became an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2003. Dr. Guo's current research interest is to understand the molecular, cellular, and integrative mechanisms underlying learning, memory and cognition-like behaviour,e.g., decision-making and selective attention in Drosophila.

Research Interests
	Learning and memory are the biological basis of cognition and individuality. By combining experimental approaches in genetics, neurobiology, and behavior studies, we are investigating the molecular, cellular, and integrative mechanisms underlying leaning and memory, as well as cognition-like behaviour in Drosophila. In particular, we hope to identify the neural circuits underlying multimodel sensory learning and memory, and circuits that mediate complex cognitive functions, such as decision-making and selective attention.

	Ongoing Projects
	Studies of Drosophila Choice Behavior. A choice in behavior is frequently required when an organism is confronted with alternatives. A choice in acquiring or avoiding one or more alternatives may be based on the desire, goal or preference of the organism. Recently, we have explored a simple choice behavior of Drosophila which faced competing visual cues in a flight simulator. Individual flies were conditioned to choose a flight path in accordance to the color and shape cues in a flight simulator and tested with contradictory cues following the conditioning. We found that wild type flies can make a discrete and firm choice in their flight orientation between two competing alternatives as the relative salience of color and shape cues gradually changes. Interestingly, this choice behavior is defective in Drosophila mutants with miniature mushroom bodies (MBs) or when MBs were selectively damaged. Further studies of neural mechanisms mediating this choice behavior are in progress. Understanding of the neural mechanism of this simple form of cognitive behavior in Drosophila may help to elucidate the neuronal basis of more complex cognitive functions. Other Research Projects. Besides studying the choice behavior, we are also interested in the neural mechanisms underlying selective visual attention in¡¡Drosophila, and in the role of circadian rhythm in modulating the learning and short-term memory in¡¡ Drosophila. We are also studying the role of Drosophila amyloid precursor-like protein in regulating the neuronal morphology and function, with an aim to identifiy molecular and cellular basis of cognitive disfunctions. We are also developing a behavior paradigm for studying nociception-like behavior in Drosophila. For studies at the molecular, cellular and circuit levels, a combination of genetic approaches, e.g., GAL4-UAS expression and dsRNA disruption, electrophysiological recording, and calcium imaging are used. A variety of behavior paradigms, e.g., visual operant conditioning and odor-aversion learning, are used to identify behavior alterations that are amenable for further dissection by molecular and cellular approaches.

	Publications
	Ye, Y., Xi, W., Peng, Y., Wang, Y., and Guo, A. (2004) Long-term but not short-term blockade of dopamine release in Drosophila impairs orientation during flight in a visual attention paradigm. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20, 1001-1007 Tang, S., and Guo, A. (2001) Choice behavior of Drosophila facing contradictory visual cues. Science, 294: 1543-1547 Wu, Z., Gong, Z., Feng, C., and Guo, A. (2000) An emergent mechanism of selective visual attention in Drosophila. Biol.Cybern., 82(1): 61-68 Yu, D., Feng, C., and Guo A. (1999) Altered Outward K Currents in Drosophila Larval Neurons of memory Mutants rutabaga and amnesiac. J. Neurobio., 40(2): 158-171 Xia, S., Feng, C., and Guo, A. (1999) Temporary amnesia induced by cold-anasthesia and hypoxia in Drosophila. Physiology & Behavior, 65/4-5: P617-623 Xia, S., Feng, C., and Guo, A. (1998) Multiple-phase model of memory consolidation confirmed by behavioral and pharmacological analyses of operant conditioning in Drosophila. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 60(4): 809-816 Liu, L., Wang, X., Xia, S., Feng, C., and Guo, A. (1998) Conditioned Visual flight Orientation in Drosophila melanogaster Abolished by Benzaldehyde. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 60(4): 809-816 Guo, A., and Goetz, K.(1997) Association of visual objects and olfactory cues in Drosophila. Learning & Memory, 4(2): 192-205 Xia, S., Liu, L., Feng,C., and Guo, A. (1997) Memory condolidation in Drosophila operant visual lerning. Learning & Memory, 4(2): 205-219 Xia, S., Liu, L., Feng,C., and Guo A. (1997) Drug disruption of Short-term memory in Drosophila melanogaster. Pharmacol, Biochemi. & Behav., 58(3): 727-735 Guo, A., Liu, L., Xia, S., Feng, C., Wolf, R., and Heisenberg, M (1996) Conditioned visual flight orientation in Drosophila : Dependence on Age, Practices and Diet. Learning & Memory., 3: 49-59