Negative staining: Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET, myofibrosarcoma of breast, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of stomach
Micro images: granulocytic sarcoma, malignant solitary fibrous tumor, GIST and solitary fibrous tumor, GIST (figure B), CD34+ blasts and megakaryoctyes, cavernous hemangioma of spermatic cord, solitary fibrous tumor of orbit
Micro images (AJSP subscribers): hybrid DFSP-giant cell fibroblastoma, solitary fibrous tumor of kidney, metanephric adenosarcoma of kidney (stroma only), rectal GIST (figure B), paratesticular leiomyosarcoma, normal small bowel (figure 1B), normal colon (figure 1B), chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (figure 1B), Gardner associated fibromas, microcystic adnexal carcinoma A, B
Micro images (Mod Path subscribers): GIST (figures C, D)
Reference: Archives 2002;126:1189, AJSP 2003;27:27, AJSP 2002;26:932, AJSP 2001;25:1451, AJSP 2001;25:1194; AJSP 2001;25:645, AJSP 2001;25:464, Mod Path 2002;15:125
CD35
Aka CR1, C3b and C4b receptor
Mediates adherence of immune complexes coated with C4b/C3b and their transport to the fixed phagocyte systems of the spleen and liver
Cofactor for specific proteolytic cleavage of C3b and C4b by plasma serine protease factor I, which limits complement activation and produces ligands for other complement receptors
The Knops, McCoy, Swain-Langley, and York blood group antigens are located on CD35
Positive staining: granulocytes, macrophages, B cells, T cells (10%), NK cell subset, erythrocytes, follicular dendritic cells, eosinophils, glomerular podocytes, some astrocytes
Micro images (AJSP subscribers): inflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell tumor A, B
Micro images (Mod Path subscribers): extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (figure 7B)
Reference: AJSP 2001;25:721, Mod Path 2002;15:50
CD36
Aka platelet GPIV or GPIIIb; thrombospondin receptor
Scavenger receptor for 50% of oxidized LDL and shed photoreceptor outer segments
Cell adhesion molecule in platelet adhesion and aggregation, platelet-monocyte and platelet-tumor cell interaction
Site of cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes to microvascular endothelial cells
CD36 deficiency frequent in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia; associated surprisingly with susceptibility to severe cerebral malaria
Development of anti-CD36 antibodies can cause serious complications in multiply transfused patients (sickle cell disease)
Positive staining (normal): platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, early erythroid cells, megakaryocytes
Positive staining (disease): AML M4-M7
Negative staining: AML M0-M2 (usually), M3
CD37
Possibly involved in signal transduction, belongs to tetraspanin family
Positive staining (normal): B cells, B cell lymphomas, low levels on T cells, neutrophils, granulocytes, monocytes
Positive staining (disease): hairy cell leukemia
CD38
Novel enzyme capable of catalyzing multiple reactions; two enzyme products are calcium messengers
Positive and negative regulator of cell activation and proliferation, depending on the cellular environment
Involved in adhesion between human lymphocytes and endothelial cells
Important for leukemia phenotyping and classification, targeting of immunotoxin antibody in myeloma treatment
Increases with HIV seroconversion; coexpression with CD8 associated with progression (indicates persistent viral stimulation)
Positive staining (normal): plasma cells (strong), lymphoid progenitor cells, NK cells, B and T cells, monocytes, erythroid and myeloid precursors, thymocytes, blasts, brain, muscle, kidney, liver, ovary, pancreas, placenta, testis
Positive staining (disease): lymphoma, neuroblastoma
CD39
Aka vascular ATP diphosphohydrolase
Plasma membrane-bound enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular ATP and ADP to AMP
Important inhibitor of platelet activation
Positive staining (normal): B, T and NK cells, endothelial cells, placenta
CD40
Plays a central role in regulating cell-mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity
May mediate inflammatory component of atherogenesis
Positive staining (normal): B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes
Positive staining (disease): carcinomas, most B cell lymphomas, B-ALL (some)
Negative staining: plasma cells
CD41
Aka platelet GPIIb
Receptor for fibrinogenin, von Willebrand factor and fibronectin
Mutations cause thrombasthenia
Positive staining (normal): platelets, megakaryocytes
Positive staining (disease): AML M7, blasts in transient myeloproliferative disorder
CD42a
Aka platelet GPIX
CD42a-d complex is receptor for von Willebrand factor and thrombin
Actual binding site of vWf and thrombin is on CD42b
This complex mediates adhesion of platelets to subendothelial matrices exposed upon damage to endothelium and amplifies platelet response to thrombin
Absence of CD42 complex (mutations in CD42 a-c) causes Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), a bleeding disorder with thrombocyenia and giant platelets
Positive staining (normal): platelets and megakaryocytes
CD42b
Aka platelet GPIb alpha
CD42a-d complex is receptor for von Willebrand factor and thrombin
Actual binding site of vWf and thrombin is on CD42b
Positive staining (normal): platelets and megakaryocytes
Positive staining (disease): blasts in transient myeloproliferative disorder
CD42c
Aka platelet GPIb beta
Positive staining (normal): platelets and megakaryocytes
CD42d
Aka platelet GP V
CD42d mouse monoclonal antibodies are used to detect auto- and allo-anti-platelet antibodies
Co-expression studies suggest that CD42d may be essential to form the high affinity thrombin receptor
Positive staining (normal): platelets and megakaryocytes
CD43
Aka leukosialin, sialophorin
Appears to be an anti-adhesive molecule mediating repulsion between leukocytes and other cells, although it may act as an adhesion molecule under other circumstances
Expression defective in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, although secondary to X linked genetic defect; causes defects in cytotoxic and helper T cell functions
Positive staining (normal): Most T cells, activated B cells, NK cells, granulocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, brain
Positive staining (disease): 80% of T cell lymphomas; coexpressed with CD20 in SLL but not benign lesions; granulocytic sarcomas, AML, most ALL's, plasmacytomas; mast cell disease (also positive for tryptase, CD68, CD117)
Micro images: granulocytic sarcoma, mantle cell lymphoma
Micro images (AJSP subscribers): chronic active myocarditis (figure B)
CD44
Family of cell surface glycoproteins with isoforms generated by alternate splicing of mRNA
Important in epithelial cell adhesion to hyaluronate in basement membranes and maintaining polar orientation of cells; also binds laminin, collagen and fibronectin
May help lymphomas disseminate by binding to high endothelial venules
Involved in leukocyte attachment and rolling on endothelial cells, homing to peripheral lymphoid organs and sites of inflammation and leukocyte aggregation
Uses: reactive urothelium has diffuse full thickness staining vs. carcinoma in situ, AJSP 2001;25:1074
Prognostic significance:
Colon carcinoma: overexpression of CD44v predicts an aggressive course
Endometrial carcinoma: loss of CD44 related to invasion
Lung carcinoma: loss of CD44 related to invasion
Lymphomas - diffuse large cell and B-CLL: expression associated with poor prognosis
Neuroblastoma: loss of CD44 related to invasion
Prostate cancer: loss associated with poor outcome
Urothelial neoplasms, papillary: loss of CD44 immunoreactivity (restricted to basal cell layer in normal urothelium) associated with increasing tumor grade and stage in pTa and pT1 patients, Mod Path 2000;13:1315
Positive staining (normal): white blood cells, red blood cells, breast, colon, stomach, uterus, most tissue; urothelial basal cells; reactive urothelium has diffuse full thickness staining (AJSP 2001;25:1074)
Positive staining (tumors): 80% of colorectal carcinomas; tumors or mucosa with well-developed squamous differentiation Archives 2000;124(2):212
Negative staining: platelets, hepatocytes, cardiac muscle, kidney tubular epithelium, testis, normal glandular type epithelium, well differentiated adenocarcinomas, urothelial carcinoma
Micro images: CD44s in col
