iking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral replication. In fact, the virus is missing so much of this particular geneª²known as nef, for negative factor ¡ª¡ª that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough, while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells ¡ª¡ª white blood cells that are critical to the immune system¡¯s ability to ward off infection ¡ª¡ª it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence.

37. If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feel, between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness ¡ª¡ª as he sees it ¡ª¡ª of citizens, social workers, doctors, lawª²makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feels is that nineª²tenths of their work is reª²catching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

38. But we are forgetting something. Welfare is a program for poor people, very poor people. African Americans are three times as likely as whites to fall below the poverty level and hence to have a chance of qualifying for welfare benefits. If we look at the kind of persons most likely to be eligible ¡ª¡ª single mothers living in poverty with children under 18 to support ¡ª¡ª we find little difference in welfare participation by race: 74.6% of African Americans in such dire straits are on welfare, compared with 64.5% of the poor white single moms.

39. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor; only a carbonª²chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man¡¯s fleshª²andª²blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.

40. Getting to know someone is a neverª²ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won¡¯t very fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g. secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g. disclosures and truthful statements).

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Text 1

The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer .It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed.

1.The underlying assumption in¡°technology transfer¡± is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries. Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa Southª²East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible in developing areas such as Africa, Southª²East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere.2.The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management. It is my contention that¡°technology transfer¡± as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed.

The fundamental flaw is that¡°technology transfer¡± is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries. 3.Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which¡°technology transfer¡± is based, beginning with training and ending withapplication, is composed of a set of socioª²culturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which select the questions found to bemeaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significanCEOnly of the results obtained.

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