大学英语四级语法精要(一)

　　Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)

　　1. 时态

　　1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　2. 语态

　　1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

　　2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

　　a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　b) 宾补结构的被动语态:

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　3. 短语动词

　　1) Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　2) Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　4) Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　5) Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　7) Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement. （实习编辑：夏根建）

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