生物谷报道:灵长类以外的大多数哺乳动物都算得上是色盲,但是最近研究人员获得了一个有取的发现:转入一个编码额外光感眼蛋白(light-sensing eye protein)基因的小鼠,获得了区分颜色的能力。
灵长类比其他哺乳动物能够更好地区分五颜六色,因为他们的眼睛含有三种感光色素(photopigment)蛋白,而每种感光色素只对特定波长的光敏感,灵长类的视觉系统通过对比视网膜中携带某种感光色素的细胞的相对活性,区分颜色。其他哺乳动物,大部分只有两种感光色素,分辨色彩的能力受到了限制。研究人员认为,灵长类的三色视觉源自双色视觉,编码两种感光色素蛋白之一的基因发生突变,得到了第三种感光色素。
如此突然突变赋予了灵长类一个直接优势。灵长类与其他哺乳动物视的网膜解剖学的这种差异,使许多研究人员误认为,只有灵长类有第三种附加的感光色素。
事实也许不是这样。最近研究中,加州大学视觉科学家Gerald Jacobs与约翰霍普金斯医学院遗传学家Jeremy Nathans合作,将人类感光色素基因转移给小鼠。转基因小鼠视网膜的电记录提示,附加的感光色素能够使小鼠的色彩感觉视锥细胞对一般小鼠看不见的长波长红光反应。接下来,研究人员给小鼠进行了一套行为测试,要求小鼠用鼻子碰触三盏灯中颜色与另外两盏不同的灯,答对者会得到一小份豆奶(Jacobs说:“尽管有点嬉皮,但它们的确喜欢。”),转基因小鼠成功通过测试。研究结果刊登于3月22日《Scinece》杂志。

英国Sussex大学视觉科学家Daniel Osorio说此工作为“单基因突变能够产生三色视觉和直接的行为变化”的观点提供了实验支持,但同时也引出了一个问题:为何其他哺乳动物没有进化出这种色觉?
部分英文原文:
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Science 23 March 2007: |
Changes in the genes encoding sensory receptor proteins are an essential step in the evolution of new sensory capacities. In primates, trichromatic color vision evolved after changes in X chromosome–linked photopigment genes. To model this process, we studied knock-in mice that expressed a human long-wavelength–sensitive (L) cone photopigment in the form of an X-linked polymorphism. Behavioral tests demonstrated that heterozygous females, whose retinas contained both native mouse pigments and human L pigment, showed enhanced long-wavelength sensitivity and acquired a new capacity for chromatic discrimination. An inherent plasticity in the mammalian visual system thus permits the emergence of a new dimension of sensory experience based solely on gene-driven changes in receptor organization.
1 Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
2 Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
3 Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
4 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
5 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jacobs@psych.ucsb.edu
