Science:朊病毒其实更容易在不同物种间传递

脑部组织显微图片揭示在牛海绵状脑病(bovine spongiform encephalopathy,俗称疯牛病)中发现的细胞结构组织病理学变化,图片来自维基共享资源。
一组法国研究人员发现朊病毒(prion)要比人们所想象的更加容易能够在物种之间传递。在他们于2012年1月27日发表在《科学》期刊上的一篇论文里,他们证实来自其他物种的朊病毒移植到小鼠大脑后,过了一段时间,朊病毒出现在小鼠其他器官中,提示着脑部尸检(brain autopsy)并不足以检测疾病的存在。英国神经学研究人员John Collinge也在《科学》期刊上就这一话题发表一篇专题文章。
朊病毒一种传染性病原体,主要由一种错误折叠的PrP蛋白组成。在不同物种中的感染有着不同的称呼,其中最出名的当属奶牛中的“疯牛病”。在人类中,它被称作库兹菲德-雅各氏症(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease),导致大块脑组织死亡,从而产生痴呆和其他症状以及最终导致人死亡。
直到现在,人们一直认为存在一种生物障碍使得朊病毒很难从一种动物物种传递到另一种,但是这种假设主要是基于脑部尸检。在这一新研究中,研究人员发现当来自其他物种(麋鹿,仓鼠和牛)的朊病毒移植到经过基因改造能够表达人或羊PrP蛋白版本的小鼠脑部时,跟期待中的一样,朊病毒到脑部的转移速率非常小(43个病例中只有3个)。然而,当他们尸检小鼠其他器官如扁桃体和特别是脾脏时,他们在41个病例中26个里面发现朊病毒迁移到那里。他们还发现在这些病例中,小鼠并没有显示出任何疾病的症状,这就让论文作者们得出结论:相对于人们想象中的情形,更多的动物和人类可能携带这种疾病。
由此产生的担忧是鉴于已发现阮病毒能够抵抗正常条件下的抗菌过程,人携带者(carrier)可能无意中通过输血、器官移植或甚至手术器械传染给其他人。如果真是这种情况,它很可能意味着感染阮病毒的一些人最终发现他们自己成为库兹菲德-雅各氏症的受害者。
这些最新的研究发现是紧随最近的一条新闻之后发表的,这条新闻具体内容为:英国国家医疗服务系统国家阮病毒诊所(NHS National Prion Clinic)最近给全国神经学家发送人们可以获得一项新血液测试的信息。根据最近对取自切除的阑尾中的组织样品的一项研究表明在英国每4000人中就有一个人可能是阮病毒携带者。因此,这些研究发现发表的时候实在是恰到好处。(生物谷:towersimper编译)
Facilitated Cross-Species Transmission of Prions in Extraneural Tissue
Vincent Béringue, Laëtitia Herzog, Emilie Jaumain, Fabienne Reine, Pierre Sibille, Annick Le Dur, Jean-Luc Vilotte, Hubert Laude
Prions are infectious pathogens essentially composed of PrPSc, an abnormally folded form of the host-encoded prion protein PrPC. Constrained steric interactions between PrPSc and PrPC are thought to provide prions with species specificity and to control cross-species transmission into other host populations, including humans. We compared the ability of brain and lymphoid tissues from ovine and human PrP transgenic mice to replicate foreign, inefficiently transmitted prions. Lymphoid tissue was consistently more permissive than the brain to prions such as those causing chronic wasting disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Furthermore, when the transmission barrier was overcome through strain shifting in the brain, a distinct agent propagated in the spleen, which retained the ability to infect the original host. Thus, prion cross-species transmission efficacy can exhibit a marked tissue dependence.
The Risk of Prion Zoonoses
John Collinge
Prions are lethal infectious pathogens that cause neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals (1). They can pass from one species to another but with greater difficulty than transmission within the same species because of the so-called species barrier effect. Such barriers protect humans from developing prion disease after dietary or other exposure to animal reservoirs of infection. These include endemic scrapie of sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer and elk, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or “mad cow disease” (1). On page 472 of this issue, Béringue et al. (2) show that in transgenic mice expressing ovine or human prion protein (PrP), lymphoid tissue is more susceptible to cross-species transmission than neural tissue (brain), which may prompt a reevaluation of the effectiveness of species barriers.
主办:中国医师协会
承办:生物谷 合作单位:广州军区广州总医院







