生物谷报道：在印度的新德里1月21日举行的相同想法超级生物多样性国家(LMMCs)最后一次会议上制定了一项条约，用来规范17个非洲，亚洲和拉丁美洲国家拥有世界上70%的多种生物资源的使用问题。
根据（1月21号）制定的“新德里宣言”，体现了一个“合法性并具有约束性之方式”应该涵盖如何确保基因资源的可得性，如何从他们开发的资源中来共同享有利益，以及如何保护当地社会对于他们传统认识的权力。
提出的条例应该以三个关键性因素为基础：第一，生物资源应该公平的使用；第二，资源来源国以及资源使用国应该对资源使用的条款相互之间应该得到认同；最后，专利的使用应该显示任何生物资源的来源国或者相关的传统认识。
巴西环境部部长Silva说，此次会议结果，在刚开始的时候就已经为他们在国际谈判上的地位提出了指导方针，特别是在生物多样性大会上形成国际性条约来确保共同拥有此项利益。
LMMCs的主要关注点在于，如今国际上的法律条款无法为那些可能获得专利，但未与当地共享利益的生物资源成员国中的大公司提供足够的保护。生物多样性大会秘书处的社会，经济及法律事务的首席主任Jalbert向与会代表透露将开发一个综合的国际性的框架，可行性，以及生物资源来源的国际证明。
在新德里会议上，与会各国同意制定国家条例来规划基因资源的可得性及相关的传统知识；以及制定一项超级多样性合作基金来支持成员国开发体制的项目来确保公平享有来自于生物资源开发中所获得的利益。会议期间，各个国家都认为制定生物多样性数据库目录是LMMCs国家之间合作的关键所在。
关键性的问题在于各个国家不能逃避一致的决定，但是，万一在多个国家间发现相同的生物资源，或者关于相同资源的知识在多个国家共同拥有的时候，如何来处理优先享用权。与会代表说要解决此项问题，还需进一步讨论。
LMMCs成员国包括玻利维亚，巴西，中国，哥伦比亚，哥斯达黎加，刚果民主共和国，厄瓜多尔，印度，印度尼西亚，肯尼亚，马达加斯 加岛，马来群岛，莫西哥，秘鲁，菲律宾，南非和委内瑞拉。会议由世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）和联合国开发计划署共同主办，各国部长，专家，政府官员和各个股东参于出席了此次大会（http://www.bioon.com/）。
Developing nations want treaty on use of biodiversity
T. V. Padma
24 January 2005
Source: SciDev.Net
[NEW DELHI] The countries with the world's greatest diversity of species have agreed to press for an international treaty covering the fair and sustainable use of their biological resources.
The pledge was made in Delhi, India, at last week's meeting of the Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries (LMMCs), an association of 17 African, Asian and Latin American nations that hold 70 per cent of the world's biodiversity.
According the 'Delhi Declaration' made on Friday (21 January), a "legally binding instrument" should cover how access to genetic resources is granted, how benefits from their exploitation are shared fairly, and how the rights of local communities in relation to their traditional knowledge are protected.
Three key elements would form the basis of the proposed rules.
The first is that biological resources should not be used without the prior informed consent of the country in which they are found. Second, the country of origin and those using the resources should mutually agree terms of use. Finally, patent applications should disclose the country of origin of any biological material or associated traditional knowledge.
The LMMC group plans to push for the proposal to be adopted internationally at future meetings of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
"The results achieved here, for the very first time, have indicated guidelines for our positions in international negotiations and, particularly, the formulation of an international regime for access and benefit-sharing under the Convention of Biological Diversity," said Brazil's environment minister Marina Silva.
The main concern of the LMMCs is that current international legal frameworks do not offer member countries sufficient protection from large companies who might patent and commercialise the countries' biological resources without sharing benefits with local communities.
Olivier Jalbert, principal officer for social, economic and legal affairs at the Convention on Biological Diversity's secretariat, told delegates at the meeting that a comprehensive international framework could explore the need for, and feasibility of, an international certificate of origin of biological resources.
The Delhi meeting also agreed that countries should develop national legislation to regulate access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge.
The countries agreed to create a Megadiverse Cooperation Fund to support projects in member countries for developing mechanisms to ensure equitable sharing of benefits that arise from exploitation of biological resources.
During the meeting, several countries said creating inventories of biodiversity data was an important area of collaboration between LMMCs.
A crucial issue that is evading consensus, however, is how to handle prior informed consent in cases where the same biological resource is found in more than one country, or where traditional knowledge about the same resource is shared by several countries. Delegates said more discussions were needed to solve this issue.
The LMMC group was formed in 2002 to promote a common agenda on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (see Developing nations link up against biopiracy).
Its members are Bolivia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa and Venezuela.
The meeting, organised in cooperation with the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and United Nations Development Programme, was attended by ministers, experts, government officials and various stakeholders.
