曾经有人担心基因治疗有引发癌症的副作用。几年前,法国一项基因治疗实验中,一种逆转录病毒在三个儿童中引发白血病(ScienceNOW, 14 January 2003:)。2001年,华盛顿大学分子生物学家Mark Sands,在出生时接受过病毒(据推测较安全)的小鼠,中年时发展出肝肿瘤的比率较高。后一项发现促使美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)停止了两项临床实验(Science, 23 November 2001, p. 1640:)。在一支专家小组确定问题病毒——腺相关病毒(adeno-associated virus,AAV)——没有引发癌症后,实验才得以恢复。相反,某些人认为,实验中所用到的敲除品系小鼠更倾向于罹患癌症。
现在,Sands小组的实验证据表明,基因治疗载体的确会激发癌症。他们向敲除小鼠和正常小鼠注射AAV载体,结果前一组发展出肝肿瘤的比率为33%-56%,后一组发展出肝肿瘤的比率为4%-8%。华盛顿大学David Russell实验室在来自6只小鼠的肿瘤中寻找载体。4个肿瘤中,载体插入染色体12,打开几种与癌症有关的基因,详细内容刊登于7月27日Science杂志。
这些发现唤起了人们对AAV载体临床使用的安全性的关注。Russell说,我们至少应该关注风险和利益之间的平衡。
佛罗里达州立大学Philip Laipis也曾经观察过接受AAV载体治疗的小鼠的肿瘤,同意利用类似高剂量AAV靶向肝细胞。肝细胞比其它类型细胞更容易吸纳AAV载体。Laipis 说:“AAV有可能整合到你不希望它整合的位点。”
其他研究人员却对这项研究持有怀疑。斯坦福大学Mark Kay强调,还没有在接受过肝脏AAV载体治疗的数千只小鼠中发现肿瘤率上升,也未在接受AAV治疗6年或者以上的狗中发现肿瘤发生率上升。曾参与过临床研究,利用AAV肝脏注射法治疗血友病的Kay说,Sand实验室所观测到的肿瘤可能是高剂量引起的,但实际上与所用小鼠的品系以及是刚出生的小鼠有关。2001年专家小组负责人、宾州大学Philip Johnson对此深表赞同。“他们的实验有非常理的地方。”
无论如何,17项正在进行的AAV载体实验应该是比较安全的,因为它们靶向的是其它组织,如脑、视网膜等。FDA发言人Karen Riley表示,机构不会对个人研究进行评论。
原始出处:
Science 27 July 2007:
Vol. 317. no. 5837, p. 477
DOI: 10.1126/science.1142658
Anthony Donsante,1* Daniel G. Miller,2* Yi Li,3,4 Carole Vogler,5 Elizabeth M. Brunt,5 David W. Russell,3,4
Mark S. Sands1,6
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are promising gene therapy vectors that have little or no acute toxicity. We show that normal mice and mice with mucopolysaccharidosis VII (MPS VII) develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after neonatal injection of an AAV vector expressing b-glucuronidase. AAV proviruses were isolated from four tumors and were all located within a 6-kilobase region of chromosome 12. This locus encodes several imprinted transcripts, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and microRNAs. Transcripts from adjacent genes encoding snoRNAs and microRNAs were overexpressed in tumors. Our findings implicate this locus in the development of HCC and raise concerns over the clinical use of AAV vectors.
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8007, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
3 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Mail Stop 357720, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
4 Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
5 Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
6 Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
* These authors contributed equally to this study.
To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: msands@im.wustl.edu
(M.S.S.); drussell@u.washington.edu
(D.W.R.)
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