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极端环境生物研究可帮助解决木质纤维素乙醇制造难题

2007-6-18 9:11:58 信息来源: 生物谷 
  •   极端环境生物研究可帮助解决木质纤维素乙醇制造难题 据physorg网站2007年6月12日报道,在欧洲海底含硫层之下埋藏有一种称之为“极端微生物”的微生物种类。将其称之为“极端微生物”是因为他们能够在极端环境下生活,并大量繁殖。或许这种想法似乎是有点激进,即这些生物体和与他们相关的酶不知何故成为了开启基于可再生生物燃料木质纤维素乙醇的新运输经济的钥匙。这就是美国桑迪亚国家实验室一个国内资助研究项目的理念,该项目已经进入了第二个年头。与研究人员寻找
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    锡基恩斯说,“最终梦想,也是现在唯一的梦想就是将一棵白杨树放入一个桶中,然后过三天后去看,发现乙醇从桶的龙头中流出来。尽管我们距离这一梦想还有几十年时间,但是旨在巩固和预处理的该计划使我们向实现这一梦想又迈近了一步。”

    乙醇产品是相同的,但是原材料却存在巨大的差异

    美国新墨西哥州阿巴科克市桑迪亚国家实验室分子和计算机生物科学部高级管理员及生物燃料项目研究领头人格兰特.赫菲尔芬格尔说,开发生物质制造乙醇技术的好处众所周知。他指出该技术具有加强国家能源安全、减少温室气体排放、使用可再生资源及其它经常提到的好处。但是玉米制造乙醇必然要与食品市场产生竞争,这使得木质纤维素乙醇成为最有可能对减少交通运输部门石油束缚产生最重要短期影响的燃料。

    锡莫恩斯称,尽管纤维素乙醇最终产品与玉米乙醇的相同,但是他们原材料的复杂性却不相同。玉米是一种简单的淀粉材料,很容易转化为发酵糖,而纤维素生物质由纤维素聚合体构成,包在复杂的木质素、半纤维素和其它成分的脉管结构之中。 

     锡莫恩斯说,“因为木质纤维素生物质是一种多层面材料,我们需要对其工作原理有一个基本了解。尽管各个行业的研究人员都在研发能够将纤维素生物质转化为乙醇的新技术和设备,但是他和他同事希望他们的方法能够有效和便宜地融合现有的和未来预处理方法。我们相信极端微生物酶及如何使用他们的技术能够成为研究和工业界使用的重要资源。”

   锡莫恩斯在最近召开的第四届工业生物技术和生物处理世界大会上介绍了他领导的研究小组在极端微生物研究项目中所取得的初步发现。研究小组希望尽快公布更加先进的研究发现。研究小组正着手完成几项可能赢得更多资金援助的提案。锡莫恩斯表示,桑迪亚国家实验室敞开大门,与其它商业伙伴或者研究团体进行纤维素研发,或者共享其研究能力。

    桑迪亚国家实验室因此次研究和其它方面的努力,有望成为联合生物能研究院(JBEI)一员。联合生物能研究院是美国能源部资助,由多个实验室和大学组成的生物设备研究机构。该研究院位于旧金山湾区。桑迪亚国家实验室打算在研制生物设备方面扮演重要角色,制造出具有成本效益的可再生生物能源,以减少美国对石化燃料的依赖。

   锡莫恩斯说,“我们相信使用重视极端微生物酶的酶工程技术能够制造出下一代乙醇生物精炼机器,并达到减少对石化燃料依赖的目标。但是我们需要其它人也相信这一点。” (援引中国科技信息网Chinainfo)

英文原文:

physorg.com, Published: 13:30 EST, June 12, 2007

Extreme environment biology research may help solve lignocellulosic ethanol puzzle

Biochemist Joanne Volponi prepares samples of cellulase enzymes for activity assaying in a high-throughput fluid-handling robotic system. Sandia is demonstrating various computational tools and enzyme engineering methods that can help process cellulo ...

Biochemist Joanne Volponi prepares samples of cellulase enzymes for activity assaying in a high-throughput, fluid-handling robotic system. Sandia is demonstrating various computational tools and enzyme engineering methods that can help process cellulosic biomass. (Photo by Randy Wong)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Buried beneath a sulfurous cauldron in European seas lies a class of microorganisms known as “extremophiles,” so named because of the extreme environmental conditions in which they live and thrive. Almost as radical, perhaps, is the idea that these organisms and their associated enzymes could somehow unlock the key to a new transportation economy based on a renewable biofuel, lignocellulosic ethanol.

That’s the concept behind an internally funded research program at Sandia National Laboratories, now in its second year. As researchers search for ways to process cellulosic biomass cheaply and efficiently for the production of lignocellulosic ethanol, the Sandia project aims to successfully demonstrate various computational tools and enzyme engineering methods that will make extreme enzymes relevant to the technical debate.

Processing of biomass key to ethanol production

Blake Simmons, a chemical engineer and project lead at Sandia’s Livermore, Calif., site, says that the primary hurdle preventing lignocellulosic ethanol from becoming a viable transportation fuel is not the availability of lignocellulosic biomass, but rather its efficient and cost-effective processing.

“Production is not a concern. More than a billion tons of biomass is estimated to be created each year in the timber and agricultural industries, as well as a variety of grasses and potential energy crops,” says Simmons. “Unfortunately, you can’t just take a tree trunk, stick it into an enzymatic reactor, and ferment the sugar produced into ethanol with any kind of efficiency. The process of turning certain lignocellulosic materials into ethanol is very difficult and costly.”

That process, says Simmons, typically involves several pretreatment steps that break up lignocellulosic material into easily converted polymers.

Continuing with the tree trunk analogy, Simmons says the laborious process typically begins by chopping the biomass to reduce its size and then delivering it into a dilute acid pretreatment reactor. The reactor then would break down the biomass into cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The hemicellulose and cellulose polymers released from the biomass must go through additional processing and acid neutralization before the final product is recovered and placed back into an enzymatic reactor to deconstruct the polymers into fermentable sugars. Not exactly swift and efficient, says Simmons, and very costly.

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