生物谷报道:来自南佛罗里达州大学医学院再生医学实验室,卡罗来那州立大学环境与放射性健康科学(Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences,生物谷注),中山大学生命科学学院,西班牙国立癌症研究中心(Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), 生物谷注)的研究人员惊讶的发现在胚胎早期分裂阶段,端粒长度的增加并不依赖于端粒酶的活性,而是存在另外一种循环机制,这对于了解干细胞及癌症干细胞的复苏,以及进一步研究干细胞机理意义重大。这一研究成果公布在Nature Cell Biology杂志上。
文章的通讯作者是中山大学国家教育部“长江学者奖励计划”特聘教授刘林博士,以及佛罗里达州大学医学院的David L. Keefe博士,前者早年毕业于北京农业大学(现中国农业大学),2003年被聘为中山大学国家教育部“长江学者奖励计划”特聘教授,研究方向为干细胞转基因克隆及哺乳动物早期发育的分子机制。2007年被聘为南开大学生命科学院特聘教授, 兼副院长主管研究生工作。研究方向:在发育生物学和生殖生物技术领域,尤其是在最终能造福人类健康的胚胎工程和再生医学领域,进行基础科学及生物医学应用方面的研究,如哺乳动物(包括人类)卵子、胚胎及干细胞等生殖与发育相关的机理与技术工程研究。
组织中的干细胞具有自我更新的能力,当组织衰老时,可以产生分化细胞来代替死去的细胞。休眠的干细胞(quiescent stem cells)特异性的位于一些特殊的微环境中(specific microenvironments)。当需要的时候,他们开始增殖,并从这些微环境中出来。这个过程被认为是由微环境中细胞外的线索(extracellar cues)和固有的遗传程序控制。通过对小鼠模型的研究,Flores等人发现,表皮的干细胞(epidermal stem cell)的活动由端粒调节。端粒是染色体末端的一种核蛋白(nucleoprotein)。短的端粒抑制干细胞的活动(mobilization)。而合成端粒的端粒酶的过度表达(overexpression),促进干细胞的活动。端粒对干细胞功能的影响至少可以部分说明它们在衰老和癌症中的作用。
端粒酶(telomerase)的表达对于维持干细胞自我更新能力和复制潜能具有重要意义,雄性生殖系和干细胞中端粒酶活性高,但是在成熟卵母细胞和卵裂期(cleavage stage,生物谷注)胚胎中,端粒酶活性降低或消失,之后胚泡(blastocyst)中又重新恢复活性。目前对于早期胚胎重排端粒长度的了解还很少。
在这篇文章中,研究人员发现卵母细胞的端粒虽然比体细胞端粒短,但是在早期分裂发育阶段端粒长度会大幅度增加,而且孤雌生殖(parthenogenetical)卵母细胞的端粒长度也会增加,因此研究人员认为卵母细胞本身具有延长端粒的能力。
更重要的是,研究人员在端粒酶缺失的小鼠的早期分裂胚胎中发现端粒竟然也会延伸,这说明端粒酶在这些细胞中并不是端粒突然增长的原因。那么是什么导致了端粒增长呢?
通过进一步实验,研究人员发现,伴随着端粒增长,能观察到端粒姐妹染色体交换(telomere sister-chromatid exchange,T-SCE,生物谷注)延伸,与DNA重组蛋白Rad50和TRF1的同位化(colocalization),而在胚泡期这两者又会减少,同时伴随着端粒酶活性增加,端粒延伸减慢。
从中研究人员得出结论,在早期分裂阶段,端粒长度以一种基于重组的机制进行循环,而且自胚泡阶段起,端粒酶只是起到通过这种可变机制维持端粒长度的作用。
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Nature Cell Biology - 9, 1436 - 1441 (2007)
Published online: 4 November 2007; | doi:10.1038/ncb1664
Telomere lengthening early in development
Lin Liu1, 4, Susan M. Bailey2, Maja Okuka1, Purificación Muñoz3, Chao Li4, Lingjun Zhou4, Chao Wu4, Eva Czerwiec5, Laurel Sandler6, Andreas Seyfang6, Maria A. Blasco3 & David L. Keefe1
1 Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
2 Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
3 Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
4 College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
5 Women and Infants Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
6 Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
Correspondence should be addressed to Lin Liu liutelom@yahoo.com or David L. Keefe dkeefe@health.usf.edu
Stem cells and cancer cells maintain telomere length mostly through telomerase1, 2, 3. Telomerase activity is high in male germ line and stem cells, but is low or absent in mature oocytes and cleavage stage embryos, and then high again in blastocysts3. How early embryos reset telomere length remains poorly understood. Here, we show that oocytes actually have shorter telomeres than somatic cells, but their telomeres lengthen remarkably during early cleavage development. Moreover, parthenogenetically activated oocytes also lengthen their telomeres, thus the capacity to elongate telomeres must reside within oocytes themselves. Notably, telomeres also elongate in the early cleavage embryos of telomerase-null mice, demonstrating that telomerase is unlikely to be responsible for the abrupt lengthening of telomeres in these cells. Coincident with telomere lengthening, extensive telomere sister-chromatid exchange (T-SCE) and colocalization of the DNA recombination proteins Rad50 and TRF1 were observed in early cleavage embryos. Both T-SCE and DNA recombination proteins decrease in blastocyst stage embryos, whereas telomerase activity increases and telomeres elongate only slowly. We suggest that telomeres lengthen during the early cleavage cycles following fertilization through a recombination-based mechanism, and that from the blastocyst stage onwards, telomerase only maintains the telomere length established by this alternative mechanism.
[1] [2] 下页