
Nature:p53基因成为癌症治疗的开关
美国科学家们宣布,他们发现了一种办法,通过激活可以抑制癌细胞分裂的基因,来启动人体自身对抗癌细胞的机能。
这种可以抑制癌细胞分裂的基因被称为p53。美国科学家在最新一期《自然》杂志上发表文章说,对白鼠的实验发现,通过激活白鼠体内的p53基因,某些白鼠体内的肿瘤缩小了40%甚至完全消失。更令人鼓舞的是,科学家们尝试用这种方法治疗两种不同的肿瘤,发现它对这两种肿瘤都有效。而且,这是两种人类可能罹患的肿瘤。
此前,科学家们已经发现,在大约半数的人类癌症类型中,有超过一半患者的p53基因没有得到显示。据此,科学家们推测,这个基因在引起癌症方面可能扮演着重要的角色。科学家们现在尝试的,就是利用药物激活这些受损的p53基因,使其抑制癌细胞分裂的遗传信息得到表达,从而恢复人体自身对抗癌症的机能。
此外,这项实验还证明,激活p53基因不会影响正常和健康的细胞,这意味着科学家们只需找到可以激活这个基因的药物,而不必过多地担心其副作用。
许多癌症形成是由于正常抑制肿瘤生长的基因缺失。最近,麻省理工(Massachusetts Institute of Technology,MIT)研究人员在小鼠实验中证实,恢复一种缺失的肿瘤抑制基因——p53,能够引起肿瘤缩小甚至消失。研究结果刊登于1月24日《Nature》电子版。
MIT癌症研究中心和霍华德医学院研究人员David Kirsch说,如果能够找到恢复人类肿瘤中p53功能的药物,有望治疗癌症。
P53很早就被认为与许多肿瘤的形成过程有关,大约一半以上的人类肿瘤中都发现有突变的p53。研究人员已经找到少量可恢复p53功能的成分,但直到现在,这些活性成分是否能逆转原发性肿瘤生长一直没有实验证据。
MIT最新研究显示,恢复小鼠肿瘤中p53的功能,肿瘤的大小显著降低,甚至可达100%。文章第一作者Andrea Ventura说,此项研究首次用遗传学手段证明,持续镇压肿瘤抑制基因是肿瘤维持活性所必须的。健康细胞中,p53控制细胞周期。或者说p53功能正常时,激活DNA修复机制,预防携带受损DNA的细胞分化。如果DNA损伤不能修复,p53诱导细胞进入程序性细胞死亡。p53突变或者丢失的细胞会无法控制地分裂,因此更容易癌变。
研究人员研制出53基因不表达的小鼠,并使小鼠携带一个遗传“开关”,肿瘤发生后可以将p53重新激活。开关打开,肿瘤细胞表达p53,大多数肿瘤缩减到原先的40-100%。
研究人员观察两种不同的癌症——淋巴癌(lymphomas)和肉瘤(sarcomas)。淋巴癌中白细胞在p53恢复活性后1-2天趋向凋亡。相反,肉瘤(会影响相关组织)不会凋亡,但趋向衰老或者停止生长。这些肿瘤的衰减需要很长时间,但衰老肿瘤细胞最终会被清除。为什么这两种癌症所受影响不同?为了回答这个问题,研究人员打算观察p53被重新激活后,两种肿瘤中发生变化的其它基因。
研究人员担心的另一个问题是,p53恢复功能后会杀灭健康细胞,因为健康细胞中没有表达过p53。研究显示,p53恢复功能对正常细胞没有影响。“这意味着,可以设计恢复p53活性的药物,不必担心毒副作用。”
开启人类癌细胞p53的候选治疗途径,比如用小分子恢复突变p53蛋白正常功能,或者向癌细胞引入新p53基因的基因治疗策略。现在正在审批过程中的一种潜在药物nutlins,就是一种可以通过干扰MDM2维持p53低水平表达的酶。
目前MIT研究人员正在它们的小鼠模型中观察其它癌症,他们打算研究是否相似的途径能够作用除p53以外的肿瘤抑制基因。
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Nature:研究发现抑癌蛋白p53中抑制其活性的甲基化位点 Cancer Research:中南大学肿瘤研究所等发表p53新发现
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The p53 tumor suppressor protein
The p53 gene like the Rb gene, is a tumor suppressor gene, i.e., its activity stops the formation of tumors. If a person inherits only one functional copy of the p53 gene from their parents, they are predisposed to cancer and usually develop several independent tumors in a variety of tissues in early adulthood. This condition is rare, and is known as Li-Fraumeni syndrome. However, mutations in p53 are found in most tumor types, and so contribute to the complex network of molecular events leading to tumor formation.
The p53 gene has been mapped to chromosome 17. In the cell, p53 protein binds DNA, which in turn stimulates another gene to produce a protein called p21 that interacts with a cell division-stimulating protein (cdk2). When p21 is complexed with cdk2 the cell cannot pass through to the next stage of cell division. Mutant p53 can no longer bind DNA in an effective way, and as a consequence the p21 protein is not made available to act as the 'stop signal' for cell division. Thus cells divide uncontrollably, and form tumors.
Help with unraveling the molecular mechanisms of cancerous growth has come from the use of mice as models for human cancer, in which powerful 'gene knockout' techniques can be used. The amount of information that exists on all aspects of p53 normal function and mutant expression in human cancers is now vast, reflecting its key role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. It is clear that p53 is just one component of a network of events that culminate in tumor formation

In the folding reaction of p53, the rate-limiting step is the association of the two dimers with native-like structures into the tetrameric native structure. The highlighted amino acid residues were found to be involved in the early association events. This result was obtained with the so-called F-value analysis, a methods in which mutations serve as reporters of structural consolidation of the protein molecule in the course of its folding reaction - see B. Nolting "Protein Folding Kinetics: Biophysical Methods" (Springer, 1999, 2000) and B. Nolting "Methods in Modern Biophysics" (Springer, 2003). For further results of this research on p53 and for details of the application of such F-value analysis methods on 5 further proteins see B. Nolting & K. Andert, "Mechanism of Protein Folding", Proteins (2000) 41, 288-298. [Figure prepared with the program MOLMOL: Koradi, R., Billeter, M., and Wüthrich, K. (1996) J Mol Graphics 14, 51-55. MOLMOL: a program for display and analysis of macromolecular structures.]
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