Science：全球40%海洋受人类活动影响

一个科学家小组在2月15日出版的《科学》杂志上报告说，他们对全球海洋进行的最新数据分析显示，人类活动遍及全球海洋，其中有40%的海洋受到人类各种活动的严重影响。

专家们绘制的一份全球海洋状况示意图显示，全球海洋中没有哪处海域完全未受人类活动影响。目前，世界40%的海洋面积属于严重受影响的海域，仅有约4%的海洋现在还算是相对“清静”。

受人类活动影响最大的海域包括东加勒比海、西欧的北海和日本海，而人类活动最少的是南北极海域。科学家们认为，绘制这样一份反映海洋受影响情况的示意图，将有助于优先规划某些海洋保护区项目。

这份示意图及相关报告由来自美国国家生态分析及合成中心等多家机构的科学家合作完成。专家们在报告中说，人类活动对海洋生态系统的影响主要包括与人类行为有关的气候变化、渔业和污染等17种不同方式，海洋系统中受人类活动影响最严重的通常是大陆架、岩礁、珊瑚礁、海草床和海底山。（来源：新华网张忠霞）

（《科学》（Science），Vol. 319. no. 5865, pp. 948 - 952，Benjamin S. Halpern, Reg Watson）

生物谷推荐原始出处：

Science 15 February 2008:
Vol. 319. no. 5865, pp. 948 - 952
DOI: 10.1126/science.1149345

A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems

Benjamin S. Halpern,1 ${ddagger}$ Shaun Walbridge,1* Kimberly A. Selkoe,1,2* ${ddagger}$ Carrie V. Kappel,1 Fiorenza Micheli,3 Caterina D'Agrosa,4 ${dagger}$ John F. Bruno,5 Kenneth S. Casey,6 Colin Ebert,1 Helen E. Fox,7 Rod Fujita,8 Dennis Heinemann,9 Hunter S. Lenihan,10 Elizabeth M. P. Madin,11 Matthew T. Perry,1 Elizabeth R. Selig,6,12 Mark Spalding,13 Robert Steneck,14 Reg Watson15

The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.

1 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA.
2 Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, Post Office Box 1346, Kane`ohe, HI 96744, USA.
3 Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950–3094, USA.
4 Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
5 Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599–3300, USA.
6 National Oceanographic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
7 Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund—United States, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
8 Environmental Defense, 5655 College Avenue, Suite 304, Oakland, CA, 94618, USA.
9 Ocean Conservancy, 1300 19th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA.
10 Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
11 Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
12 Curriculum in Ecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599–3275, USA.
13 Conservation Strategies Division, the Nature Conservancy, 93 Centre Drive, Newmarket, CB8 8AW, UK.
14 School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME 04353, USA.
15 Fisheries Center, 2202 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.

* These authors contributed equally to this work.

${dagger}$ Present address: School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–4501, USA.